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The new compound [(NC)Ru 2 (ap) 4 ] 2 (μ-1,4-C 6 H 4 ) (ap = 2-anilinopyridinate) was prepared to address the open question of whether a 1,4-phenylene bridge can mediate intermetallic electronic coupling. As a manifestation of strong coupling, hole delocalization between the Ru 2 centers on the IR time scale (10 −14 s) was established using spectroelectrochemistry. An orbital mechanism for coupling was elaborated with DFT analysis. 

Reported herein are the two new series of diruthenium aryl compounds: Ru 2 (DiMeOap) 4 (Ar) (1a–6a) (DiMeOap = 2-(3,5-dimethoxyanilino)pyridinate) and Ru 2 ( m - i PrOap) 4 (Ar) (1b–5b) ( m - i PrOap = 2-(3-iso-propoxyanilino)pyridinate), prepared through the lithium-halogen exchange reaction with a variety of aryl halides (Ar = C 6 H 4 -4-NMe 2 (1), C 6 H 4 -4- t Bu (2), C 6 H 4 -4-OMe (3), C 6 H 3 -3,5-(OMe) 2 (4), C 6 H 4 -4-CF 3 (5), C 6 H 5 (6)). The molecular structures of these compounds were established with X-ray diffraction studies. Additionally, these compounds were characterized using electronic absorption and voltammetric techniques. Compounds 1a–6a and 1b–5b are all in the Ru 2 5+ oxidation state, with a ground state configuration of σ 2 π 4 δ 2 (π*δ*) 3 ( S = 3/2). Use of the modified ap ligands (ap′) resulted in moderate increases of product yield when compared to the unsubstituted Ru 2 (ap) 4 (Ar) (ap = 2-anilinopyridinate) series. Comparisons of the electrochemical properties of 1a–6a and 1b–5b against the Ru 2 (ap′)Cl starting material reveals the addition of the aryl ligand cathodically shifted the Ru 2 6+/5+ oxidation and Ru 2 5+/4+ reduction potentials. These oxidation and reductions potentials are also strongly dependent on the p -substituent of the axial aryl ligands. 

Co-production has become a cornerstone of research within the sustainability sciences, motivating collaborations of diverse actors to conduct research in the service of societal and policy change. This review examines theoretical and empirical literature from sustainability science, public administration, and science and technology studies (STS) with the intention of advancing the theory and practice of co-production within sustainability science. We argue that co-production must go beyond stakeholder engagement by scientists to the more deliberate design of societal transitions. Co-production can contribute to such transitions by shifting the institutional arrangements that govern relationships between knowledge and power, science and society, and state and citizens. We highlight critical weaknesses in conceptualizations of co-production within sustainability sciences with respect to power, politics, and governance. We offer suggestions for how this can be rectified through deeper engagement with public administration and STS to offer a broad vision for enhancing the use, design, and practice of a more reflexive co-production in sustainability science. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources Volume 44 is October 17, 2019. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates. 

Non-technical summary We summarize some of the past year's most important findings within climate change-related research. New research has improved our understanding of Earth's sensitivity to carbon dioxide, finds that permafrost thaw could release more carbon emissions than expected and that the uptake of carbon in tropical ecosystems is weakening. Adverse impacts on human society include increasing water shortages and impacts on mental health. Options for solutions emerge from rethinking economic models, rights-based litigation, strengthened governance systems and a new social contract. The disruption caused by COVID-19 could be seized as an opportunity for positive change, directing economic stimulus towards sustainable investments. Technical summary A synthesis is made of ten fields within climate science where there have been significant advances since mid-2019, through an expert elicitation process with broad disciplinary scope. Findings include: (1) a better understanding of equilibrium climate sensitivity; (2) abrupt thaw as an accelerator of carbon release from permafrost; (3) changes to global and regional land carbon sinks; (4) impacts of climate change on water crises, including equity perspectives; (5) adverse effects on mental health from climate change; (6) immediate effects on climate of the COVID-19 pandemic and requirements for recovery packages to deliver on the Paris Agreement; (7) suggested long-term changes to governance and a social contract to address climate change, learning from the current pandemic, (8) updated positive cost–benefit ratio and new perspectives on the potential for green growth in the short- and long-term perspective; (9) urban electrification as a strategy to move towards low-carbon energy systems and (10) rights-based litigation as an increasingly important method to address climate change, with recent clarifications on the legal standing and representation of future generations. Social media summary Stronger permafrost thaw, COVID-19 effects and growing mental health impacts among highlights of latest climate science.